Political crisis in Italy and Greece: Karl Marx on ‘technical governments’
In recent years Karl Marx has again been featuring in the world’s press because of his prescient insights into the cyclical and structural character of capitalist crises. Now there is another reason why he should be re-read in the light of Greece and Italy: the reappearance of the "technical government"
By Marcello Musto | Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal | November 16, 2011
As a contributor to the New-York Tribune, one of the widest circulation dailies of his time, Marx observed the political and institutional developments that led to one of the first technical governments in history: the British cabinet of the Earl of Aberdeen, December 1852 to January 1855.
Marx’s reports stood out for their perceptiveness and sarcasm. The London Times, for its part, celebrated the events as a sign that Britain was "at the commencement of the political millennium in which party spirit is to fly from the earth, and genius, experience, industry and patriotism are to be the sole qualifications for office", and it called on "men of every class of opinion" to rally behind the new government because "its principles command universal assent and support". All this excited Marx’s derision,which poured forth in his article "A Superannuated Administration. Prospects of the Coalition Ministry, &c" (January 1853).
What the Times found so modern and enthralling was for him sheer farce. When the London press announced "a ministry composed entirely of new, young and promising characters", he mused that "the world will certainly be not a little puzzled [to learn] that the new era in the history of Great Britain is to be inaugurated by all but used-up decrepit octogenarians ..., the bureaucrat, who served under almost every Administration since the close of the last century; other members of the Cabinet twice dead of age and exhaustion and only resuscitated into an artificial existence."
Alongside the judgements of individuals are others, naturally of greater interest, concerning their policies. "We are promised the total disappearance of party warfare, nay even of parties themselves", Marx noted. "What is the meaning of The Times?" The question is unfortunately all too topical today, in a world where the rule of capital over labour has become as feral as it was in the middle of the 19th century.
The separation between economics and politics that differentiates capitalism from previous modes of production has reached its highest point. Economics not only dominates politics, setting its agenda and shaping its decisions, but lies outside its jurisdiction and democratic control – to the point where a change of government no longer changes the direction of economic and social policy.
In the last 30 years, the powers of decision making have passed inexorably from the political to the economic sphere. Particular policy options have been transformed into economic imperatives which, brooking no contradiction, disguise a highly political and utterly reactionary project behind an ideological mask of apolitical expertise. This shunting of parts of the political sphere into the economy, as a separate domain impervious to change, involves the gravest threat to democracy in our times; national parliaments, already drained of representative value by skewed electoral systems and authoritarian revisions of the relationship between executive and legislature, find their powers taken away and transferred to the market.
Standard & Poor’s ratings and the Wall Street index – those mega-fetishes of contemporary society – carry incomparably more weight than the will of the people. At best political government can "intervene" in the economy (the ruling classes often need to mitigate the destructive anarchy of capitalism and its violent crises), but they cannot call into question its rules and fundamental choices.
Greece and Italy
The events of recent days in Greece and Italy are a striking illustration of these tendencies. Behind the facade of the term "technical government" – or "government of all the talents', as it was known in Marx’s day – we can make out a suspension of politics (no referendum, no elections) that supposedly hands over the whole field to economics.
In an article of April 1853, "Achievements of the Ministry", Marx wrote: "The best thing perhaps that can be said in favour of the Coalition ['technical'] Ministry is that it represents impotency in [political] power at a moment of transition." Governments no longer discuss which economic orientation to take; economic orientations bring about the birth of governments.
In Italy, the key programmatic points were listed last summer in a letter (meant to remain secret!) from the European Central Bank to the Berlusconi government. To restore market 'confidence", it was necessary to proceed rapidly down the road of "structural reforms", an expression now used as a synonym for social devastation: in other words, wage cuts, attacks on workers’ rights over hiring and firing, increases in the pension age and large-scale privatisation. The new "technical governments", headed by men with a background in some of the economic institutions most responsible for the crisis (Papademos in Greece, Monti in Italy), will set off down this road – no doubt "for the good of the country" and "the wellbeing of future generations". And they will come down like a ton of bricks on anyone who raises a discordant voice.
If the left is not to disappear, it must discover again how to identify the true causes of the crisis that is now upon us. It must also have the courage to propose, and experiment with, the radical policies necessary to achieve a solution.
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